Locations Affected: India
Over the past few weeks, Maharashtra has witnessed a rise in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) cases, especially in Pune and surrounding areas, with the first case reported on 09 January in Kirkatwadi. GBS is a rare autoimmune condition that attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing sudden numbness and muscle weakness. As of 03 February, the number of suspected GBS cases in Maharashtra increased to 158, with 127 confirmed diagnoses. Five fatalities due to the disease have also been reported in the state, while 21 others are on ventilators. Pune’s most severely impacted areas include Kirkatwadi, Nandoshi, Nanded, Dhayari, and Sinhagad Road. Some cases have also been reported in West Bengal, Assam and Telangana.
Potential Cause of the Outbreak
GBS is primarily triggered by norovirus and the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni. Authorities believe the outbreak is likely linked to contaminated water sources and unclean food after detecting Campylobacter jejuni and norovirus in contaminated samples. Many residents in the affected areas rely on private water tankers and other unverified sources due to inadequate infrastructure for potable water supply. The infection can also be transmitted through airborne particles when an infected person vomits.
Measures taken by Health Authorities
- GBS typically lasts one to three days and causes symptoms such as weakness, paralysis, severe pain while walking, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In some cases, severe health complications, including difficulty breathing, blood clots, and cardiac issues, may develop. GBS can be fatal and has no specific cure. Treatment to alleviate symptoms may involve immunotherapy, such as plasma exchange.
- A seven-member central team, consisting of experts from the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Delhi, the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, the Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare, and the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, has been deployed to assist the Maharashtra government in managing the outbreak and tracking the source of the infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) is also working closely with the Pune district authorities to provide adequate resources, training and support systems.
- On 30 January, Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar instructed civic and district health officials to take stringent action against hospitals overcharging GBS patients and to ensure an adequate supply of drugs during a District Planning Committee meeting.
- The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) has advised residents in affected areas to boil and purify water before consumption. Mesh barriers will be installed in wells supplying water to Kirkatwadi and Khadakwasla as a preventive measure. Private doctors in Pune have been asked to notify state authorities of suspected GBS cases.
Outlook of the Situation
The rising number of GBS cases highlights the need for robust infrastructure for drinking water supply and sewage disposal. The outbreak has also raised concerns about similar infections in the future. Precautionary measures such as drinking boiled water, consuming fresh and hygienic food, and maintaining personal hygiene are essential to prevent further spread. Individuals experiencing symptoms are advised to seek immediate medical attention, undergo testing, and be admitted for treatment if necessary.
